Australia’s under-16 social media ban will make the nation a real-life laboratory on how best to tackle the technology’s impact on young people, experts say.
Those in favour of the world-first December 10 ban point to a growing mass of studies that suggest too much time online takes a toll on teen well-being.
But opponents argue there is not enough hard proof to warrant the new legislation, which could do more harm than good.
Adolescent brains are still developing into the early 20s, said psychologist Amy Orben, who leads a digital mental health programme at the University of Cambridge.
A “huge amount” of observational research, often based on surveys, has tracked a correlation between teen tech use and worse mental health, she said.
But it is hard to draw firm conclusions, because phones are so ingrained into daily life, and young people may turn to social media because they are already suffering.
“With technology, because it’s changing so fast, the evidence base will always be uncertain,” Orben said.
“What could change the dial are experimental studies or evaluations of natural experiments. So evaluating the Australia ban is hugely important because it actually gives us a window on what might be happening.”
No ‘smoking gun’
To try and shed light on the cause-and-effect relationship, Australian researchers are recruiting 13- to 16-year-olds for a “Connected Minds Study” to assess how the ban affects their well-being.
A World Health Organisation survey last year found that 11% of adolescents struggled to control their use of social media.
Other research has shown a link between excessive social media use and poor sleep, body image, school performance and emotional distress, such as a 2019 study of US schoolchildren in JAMA Psychiatry that found those who spent over three hours a day on social media could be at heightened risk for mental health problems.
So some experts argue the right time to act is now.
“I actually don’t think this is a science issue. This is a values issue,” said Christian Heim, an Australian psychiatrist and clinical director of mental health.
“We can’t wait for stronger evidence”
“We’re talking about things like cyberbullying, the risk of suicide, accessing sites on anorexia nervosa and self-harm,” he said.
Evidence of a risk is growing, Heim said − pointing to a 2018 study by neuroscientist Christian Montag that linked addiction to the Chinese messaging app WeChat to shrinking grey matter volume in part of the brain.
“We can’t wait for stronger evidence,” Heim said.
Scott Griffiths of the Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences said a “smoking gun research study” was unlikely to emerge soon to prove the harms of social media.
But the ban was worth trying, he said.
“I’m hopeful that the major social media companies seeing this full-throated legislative action come into play will finally be motivated to more meaningfully protect the health and wellbeing of young people.”
‘Too blunt’
More than three-quarters of Australian adults agreed with the new legislation before it passed, a poll indicated.
However, an open letter signed by more than 140 academics, campaigners and other experts cautioned that a ban would be “too blunt an instrument”.
“People were saying: ‘Well, kids are getting more anxious. There must be a reason − let’s ban social media’,” argued one signatory, Axel Bruns, a digital media professor at Queensland University of Technology.
Children may simply have more reasons to be anxious, under pressure from pandemic-interrupted schooling and troubled by wars in Gaza and Ukraine, he said.
And a ban might push some teens to more extreme, fringe sites, while preventing other marginalised young people from finding community.
Noelle Martin, an activist focused on image-based online abuse and deepfakes, feared the Australian ban would do little to help, given the country’s history on enforcement of existing laws.
“I don’t believe it will stop, prevent or do much to meaningfully combat this issue,” Martin said.
In any case, the political decision has been taken in Australia.
“Social media is doing social harm to our children,” Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said this year.
“There is no doubt that Australian kids are being negatively impacted by online platforms, so I’m calling time on it.”
How Australia plans to implement the ban
Prove age
Starting December 10, some of the world’s largest social media platforms will be forced to remove all users under the age of 16 in Australia.
Hundreds of thousands of adolescents are expected to be impacted, with Instagram alone reporting about 350,000 Australian users aged 13 to 15.
Not every Australian will have to prove their age, only those suspected of falling foul of the ban.
And young users will still be able to access some social media without logging in − they just cannot register for their own accounts.
Verification
Social media platforms will be held responsible for weeding out underage accounts.
A number of trials have looked at different ways to do so, but the Australian government has so far refused to settle on a universally agreed method.
Meta, the parent company of Facebook, has started deactivating accounts based on information such as the age given when they were created.
Account holders flagged by mistake could verify their age using a “video selfie” or by providing government-issued ID, Meta said.
Who’s in and out
Which platforms fall under the ban continues to be debated.
Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and TikTok are covered, as are streaming platforms including Kick and Twitch.
YouTube was added, despite the government’s suggestion that it would be exempt so that children could watch lessons online.
Other popular apps and websites such as Roblox, Pinterest and WhatsApp are currently exempt − but the list remains under review.
Just browsing
Australia expects rebellious teens will do their best to skirt the laws.
Guidelines warn they might try to upload fake IDs or use AI to make their photos appear older.
Platforms are expected to devise their own means to stop this happening.
“Of course, no solution is likely to be 100% effective all of the time,” the internet safety watchdog has said.
Harsh penalties
Australia concedes the ban will be far from perfect at the outset, and some underage users will fall through the cracks as issues are ironed out.
But platforms face the threat of $32 million fines if they fail to take “reasonable steps” to comply.
It remains unclear how Australia’s internet safety regulator would interpret or enforce what counts as reasonable.
“‘Reasonable steps’ means platforms have to act to enforce the restrictions in a way that is just and appropriate in the circumstances,” the regulator’s guidelines say.
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